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WebEngine Widgets Simple Browser Example

A simple browser based on Qt WebEngine Widgets.

Simple Browser demonstrates how to use the Qt WebEngine C++ classes to develop a small Web browser application that contains the following elements:

  • Menu bar for opening stored pages and managing windows and tabs.
  • Navigation bar for entering a URL and for moving backward and forward in the web page browsing history.
  • Multi-tab area for displaying web content within tabs.
  • Status bar for displaying hovered links.
  • A simple download manager.

The web content can be opened in new tabs or separate windows. HTTP and proxy authentication can be used for accessing web pages.

Running the Example

To run the example from Qt Creator, open the Welcome mode and select the example from Examples. For more information, see Qt Creator: Tutorial: Build and run.

Class Hierarchy

We start with sketching a diagram of the main classes that we are going to implement:

  • Browser is a class managing the application windows.
  • BrowserWindow is a QMainWindow showing the menu, a navigation bar, TabWidget, and a status bar.
  • TabWidget is a QTabWidget and contains one or multiple browser tabs.
  • WebView is a QWebEngineView, provides a view for WebPage, and is added as a tab in TabWidget.
  • WebPage is a QWebEnginePage that represents website content.

Additionally, we will implement some auxiliary classes:

  • WebPopupWindow is a QWidget for showing popup windows.
  • DownloadManagerWidget is a QWidget implementing the downloads list.

Creating the Browser Main Window

This example supports multiple main windows that are owned by a Browser object. This class also owns the DownloadManagerWidget and could be used for further functionality, such as bookmarks and history managers.

In main.cpp, we create the first BrowserWindow instance and add it to the Browser object. If no arguments are passed on the command line, we open the Qt Homepage:

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    QCoreApplication::setOrganizationName("QtExamples");

    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    app.setWindowIcon(QIcon(u":AppLogoColor.png"_s));
    QLoggingCategory::setFilterRules(u"qt.webenginecontext.debug=true"_s);

    QWebEngineProfile::defaultProfile()->settings()->setAttribute(QWebEngineSettings::PluginsEnabled, true);
    QWebEngineProfile::defaultProfile()->settings()->setAttribute(QWebEngineSettings::DnsPrefetchEnabled, true);
    QWebEngineProfile::defaultProfile()->settings()->setAttribute(
            QWebEngineSettings::ScreenCaptureEnabled, true);

    QUrl url = commandLineUrlArgument();

    Browser browser;
    BrowserWindow *window = browser.createHiddenWindow();
    window->tabWidget()->setUrl(url);
    window->show();
    return app.exec();
}

To suppress flicker when switching the window to OpenGL rendering, we call show after the first browser tab has been added.

Creating Tabs

The BrowserWindow constructor initializes all the necessary user interface related objects. The centralWidget of BrowserWindow contains an instance of TabWidget. The TabWidget contains one or several WebView instances as tabs, and delegates it's signals and slots to the currently selected one:

class TabWidget : public QTabWidget
{
    ...
signals:
    // current tab/page signals
    void linkHovered(const QString &link);
    void loadProgress(int progress);
    void titleChanged(const QString &title);
    void urlChanged(const QUrl &url);
    void favIconChanged(const QIcon &icon);
    void webActionEnabledChanged(QWebEnginePage::WebAction action, bool enabled);
    void devToolsRequested(QWebEnginePage *source);
    void findTextFinished(const QWebEngineFindTextResult &result);

public slots:
    // current tab/page slots
    void setUrl(const QUrl &url);
    void triggerWebPageAction(QWebEnginePage::WebAction action);
    ...
};

Each tab contains an instance of WebView:

WebView *TabWidget::createTab()
{
    WebView *webView = createBackgroundTab();
    setCurrentWidget(webView);
    return webView;
}

WebView *TabWidget::createBackgroundTab()
{
    WebView *webView = new WebView;
    WebPage *webPage = new WebPage(m_profile, webView);
    webView->setPage(webPage);
    setupView(webView);
    int index = addTab(webView, tr("(Untitled)"));
    setTabIcon(index, webView->favIcon());
    // Workaround for QTBUG-61770
    webView->resize(currentWidget()->size());
    webView->show();
    return webView;
}

In TabWidget::setupView(), we make sure that the TabWidget always forwards the signals of the currently selected WebView:

void TabWidget::setupView(WebView *webView)
{
    QWebEnginePage *webPage = webView->page();

    connect(webView, &QWebEngineView::titleChanged, [this, webView](const QString &title) {
        int index = indexOf(webView);
        if (index != -1) {
            setTabText(index, title);
            setTabToolTip(index, title);
        }
        if (currentIndex() == index)
            emit titleChanged(title);
    });
    connect(webView, &QWebEngineView::urlChanged, [this, webView](const QUrl &url) {
        int index = indexOf(webView);
        if (index != -1)
            tabBar()->setTabData(index, url);
        if (currentIndex() == index)
            emit urlChanged(url);
    });
    connect(webView, &QWebEngineView::loadProgress, [this, webView](int progress) {
        if (currentIndex() == indexOf(webView))
            emit loadProgress(progress);
    });
    connect(webPage, &QWebEnginePage::linkHovered, [this, webView](const QString &url) {
        if (currentIndex() == indexOf(webView))
            emit linkHovered(url);
    });
    connect(webView, &WebView::favIconChanged, [this, webView](const QIcon &icon) {
        int index = indexOf(webView);
        if (index != -1)
            setTabIcon(index, icon);
        if (currentIndex() == index)
            emit favIconChanged(icon);
    });
    connect(webView, &WebView::webActionEnabledChanged, [this, webView](QWebEnginePage::WebAction action, bool enabled) {
        if (currentIndex() ==  indexOf(webView))
            emit webActionEnabledChanged(action,enabled);
    });
    connect(webPage, &QWebEnginePage::windowCloseRequested, [this, webView]() {
        int index = indexOf(webView);
        if (webView->page()->inspectedPage())
            window()->close();
        else if (index >= 0)
            closeTab(index);
    });
    connect(webView, &WebView::devToolsRequested, this, &TabWidget::devToolsRequested);
    connect(webPage, &QWebEnginePage::findTextFinished, [this, webView](const QWebEngineFindTextResult &result) {
        if (currentIndex() == indexOf(webView))
            emit findTextFinished(result);
    });
}

Closing Tabs

When the user closes a tab, we first trigger the RequestClose web action on the corresponding WebView:

    connect(tabBar, &QTabBar::tabCloseRequested, [this](int index) {
        if (WebView *view = webView(index))
            view->page()->triggerAction(QWebEnginePage::WebAction::RequestClose);
    });

This allows any JavaScript beforeunload event listeners to fire, which may prompt the user with a dialog to confirm that they want to close the page. In this case, the user can reject the close request and leave the tab open, otherwise the windowCloseRequested signal is emitted and we close the tab:

    connect(webPage, &QWebEnginePage::windowCloseRequested, [this, webView]() {
        int index = indexOf(webView);
        if (webView->page()->inspectedPage())
            window()->close();
        else if (index >= 0)
            closeTab(index);
    });

Implementing WebView Functionality

The WebView is derived from QWebEngineView to support the following functionality:

  • Displaying error messages in case renderProcess dies
  • Handling createWindow requests
  • Adding custom menu items to context menus

First, we create the WebView with the necessary methods and signals:

class WebView : public QWebEngineView
{
    Q_OBJECT

public:
    explicit WebView(QWidget *parent = nullptr);
    ...
protected:
    void contextMenuEvent(QContextMenuEvent *event) override;
    QWebEngineView *createWindow(QWebEnginePage::WebWindowType type) override;

signals:
    void webActionEnabledChanged(QWebEnginePage::WebAction webAction, bool enabled);
    ...
};
Displaying Error Messages

If the render process is terminated, we display a QMessageBox with an error code, and then we reload the page:

WebView::WebView(QWidget *parent)
    : QWebEngineView(parent)
{
    ...
    connect(this, &QWebEngineView::renderProcessTerminated,
            [this](QWebEnginePage::RenderProcessTerminationStatus termStatus, int statusCode) {
        QString status;
        switch (termStatus) {
        case QWebEnginePage::NormalTerminationStatus:
            status = tr("Render process normal exit");
            break;
        case QWebEnginePage::AbnormalTerminationStatus:
            status = tr("Render process abnormal exit");
            break;
        case QWebEnginePage::CrashedTerminationStatus:
            status = tr("Render process crashed");
            break;
        case QWebEnginePage::KilledTerminationStatus:
            status = tr("Render process killed");
            break;
        }
        QMessageBox::StandardButton btn = QMessageBox::question(window(), status,
                                                   tr("Render process exited with code: %1\n"
                                                      "Do you want to reload the page ?").arg(statusCode));
        if (btn == QMessageBox::Yes)
            QTimer::singleShot(0, this, &WebView::reload);
    });
}
Managing WebWindows

The loaded page might want to create windows of the type QWebEnginePage::WebWindowType, for example, when a JavaScript program requests to open a document in a new window or dialog. This is handled by overriding QWebView::createWindow():

QWebEngineView *WebView::createWindow(QWebEnginePage::WebWindowType type)
{
    BrowserWindow *mainWindow = qobject_cast<BrowserWindow*>(window());
    if (!mainWindow)
        return nullptr;

    switch (type) {
    case QWebEnginePage::WebBrowserTab: {
        return mainWindow->tabWidget()->createTab();
    }

In case of QWebEnginePage::WebDialog, we create an instance of a custom WebPopupWindow class:

class WebPopupWindow : public QWidget
{
    Q_OBJECT

public:
    explicit WebPopupWindow(QWebEngineProfile *profile);
    WebView *view() const;

private slots:
    void handleGeometryChangeRequested(const QRect &newGeometry);

private:
    QLineEdit *m_urlLineEdit;
    QAction *m_favAction;
    WebView *m_view;
};
Adding Context Menu Items

We add a menu item to the context menu, so that users can right-click to have an inspector opened in a new window. We override QWebEngineView::contextMenuEvent and use QWebEnginePage::createStandardContextMenu to create a default QMenu with a default list of QWebEnginePage::WebAction actions.

The default name for QWebEnginePage::InspectElement action is Inspect. For clarity, we rename it to Open Inspector In New Window when there is no Inspector present yet, and Inspect Element when it's already created.

We also check if the QWebEnginePage::ViewSource action is in the menu, because if it's not we have to add a separator as well.

void WebView::contextMenuEvent(QContextMenuEvent *event)
{
    QMenu *menu = createStandardContextMenu();
    const QList<QAction *> actions = menu->actions();
    auto inspectElement = std::find(actions.cbegin(), actions.cend(), page()->action(QWebEnginePage::InspectElement));
    if (inspectElement == actions.cend()) {
        auto viewSource = std::find(actions.cbegin(), actions.cend(), page()->action(QWebEnginePage::ViewSource));
        if (viewSource == actions.cend())
            menu->addSeparator();

        QAction *action = menu->addAction("Open inspector in new window");
        connect(action, &QAction::triggered, [this]() { emit devToolsRequested(page()); });
    } else {
        (*inspectElement)->setText(tr("Inspect element"));
    }

    // add conext menu for image policy
    QMenu *editImageAnimation = new QMenu(tr("Image animation policy"));

    m_imageAnimationGroup = new QActionGroup(editImageAnimation);
    m_imageAnimationGroup->setExclusive(true);

    QAction *disableImageAnimation =
            editImageAnimation->addAction(tr("Disable all image animation"));
    disableImageAnimation->setCheckable(true);
    m_imageAnimationGroup->addAction(disableImageAnimation);
    connect(disableImageAnimation, &QAction::triggered, [this]() {
        handleImageAnimationPolicyChange(QWebEngineSettings::ImageAnimationPolicy::Disallow);
    });
    QAction *allowImageAnimationOnce =
            editImageAnimation->addAction(tr("Allow animated images, but only once"));
    allowImageAnimationOnce->setCheckable(true);
    m_imageAnimationGroup->addAction(allowImageAnimationOnce);
    connect(allowImageAnimationOnce, &QAction::triggered,
            [this]() { handleImageAnimationPolicyChange(QWebEngineSettings::ImageAnimationPolicy::AnimateOnce); });
    QAction *allowImageAnimation = editImageAnimation->addAction(tr("Allow all animated images"));
    allowImageAnimation->setCheckable(true);
    m_imageAnimationGroup->addAction(allowImageAnimation);
    connect(allowImageAnimation, &QAction::triggered, [this]() {
        handleImageAnimationPolicyChange(QWebEngineSettings::ImageAnimationPolicy::Allow);
    });

    switch (page()->settings()->imageAnimationPolicy()) {
    case QWebEngineSettings::ImageAnimationPolicy::Allow:
        allowImageAnimation->setChecked(true);
        break;
    case QWebEngineSettings::ImageAnimationPolicy::AnimateOnce:
        allowImageAnimationOnce->setChecked(true);
        break;
    case QWebEngineSettings::ImageAnimationPolicy::Disallow:
        disableImageAnimation->setChecked(true);
        break;
    default:
        allowImageAnimation->setChecked(true);
        break;
    }

    menu->addMenu(editImageAnimation);
    menu->popup(event->globalPos());
}

Implementing WebPage and WebView Functionality

We implement WebPage as a subclass of QWebEnginePage and WebView as as subclass of QWebEngineView to enable HTTP, proxy authentication, as well as ignoring SSL certificate errors when accessing web pages:

class WebPage : public QWebEnginePage
{
    Q_OBJECT

public:
    explicit WebPage(QWebEngineProfile *profile, QObject *parent = nullptr);

signals:
    void createCertificateErrorDialog(QWebEngineCertificateError error);

private slots:
    void handleCertificateError(QWebEngineCertificateError error);
    void handleSelectClientCertificate(QWebEngineClientCertificateSelection clientCertSelection);
    void handleDesktopMediaRequest(const QWebEngineDesktopMediaRequest &request);
};

class WebView : public QWebEngineView
{
    Q_OBJECT

public:
    explicit WebView(QWidget *parent = nullptr);
    ~WebView();
    void setPage(WebPage *page);

    int loadProgress() const;
    bool isWebActionEnabled(QWebEnginePage::WebAction webAction) const;
    QIcon favIcon() const;

protected:
    void contextMenuEvent(QContextMenuEvent *event) override;
    QWebEngineView *createWindow(QWebEnginePage::WebWindowType type) override;

signals:
    void webActionEnabledChanged(QWebEnginePage::WebAction webAction, bool enabled);
    void favIconChanged(const QIcon &icon);
    void devToolsRequested(QWebEnginePage *source);
private slots:
    void handleCertificateError(QWebEngineCertificateError error);
    void handleAuthenticationRequired(const QUrl &requestUrl, QAuthenticator *auth);
    void handlePermissionRequested(QWebEnginePermission permission);
    void handleProxyAuthenticationRequired(const QUrl &requestUrl, QAuthenticator *auth,
                                           const QString &proxyHost);
    void handleRegisterProtocolHandlerRequested(QWebEngineRegisterProtocolHandlerRequest request);
#if QT_VERSION >= QT_VERSION_CHECK(6, 4, 0)
    void handleFileSystemAccessRequested(QWebEngineFileSystemAccessRequest request);
    void handleWebAuthUxRequested(QWebEngineWebAuthUxRequest *request);
#endif
    void handleImageAnimationPolicyChange(QWebEngineSettings::ImageAnimationPolicy policy);

private:
    void createWebActionTrigger(QWebEnginePage *page, QWebEnginePage::WebAction);
    void onStateChanged(QWebEngineWebAuthUxRequest::WebAuthUxState state);

private:
    int m_loadProgress = 100;
    WebAuthDialog *m_authDialog = nullptr;
    QActionGroup *m_imageAnimationGroup = nullptr;
};

In all the cases above, we display the appropriate dialog to the user. In case of authentication, we need to set the correct credential values on the QAuthenticator object:

void WebView::handleAuthenticationRequired(const QUrl &requestUrl, QAuthenticator *auth)
{
    QDialog dialog(window());
    dialog.setModal(true);
    dialog.setWindowFlags(dialog.windowFlags() & ~Qt::WindowContextHelpButtonHint);

    Ui::PasswordDialog passwordDialog;
    passwordDialog.setupUi(&dialog);

    passwordDialog.m_iconLabel->setText(QString());
    QIcon icon(window()->style()->standardIcon(QStyle::SP_MessageBoxQuestion, 0, window()));
    passwordDialog.m_iconLabel->setPixmap(icon.pixmap(32, 32));

    QString introMessage(tr("Enter username and password for \"%1\" at %2")
                                 .arg(auth->realm(),
                                      requestUrl.toString().toHtmlEscaped()));
    passwordDialog.m_infoLabel->setText(introMessage);
    passwordDialog.m_infoLabel->setWordWrap(true);

    if (dialog.exec() == QDialog::Accepted) {
        auth->setUser(passwordDialog.m_userNameLineEdit->text());
        auth->setPassword(passwordDialog.m_passwordLineEdit->text());
    } else {
        // Set authenticator null if dialog is cancelled
        *auth = QAuthenticator();
    }
}

The handleProxyAuthenticationRequired signal handler implements the very same steps for the authentication of HTTP proxies.

In case of SSL errors, we check whether they come from the main frame, or from a resource inside the page. Resource errors automatically trigger a certificate rejection, since a user won't have enough context to make a decision. For all other cases, we trigger a dialog where the user can allow or reject the certificate.

void WebPage::handleCertificateError(QWebEngineCertificateError error)
{
    // Automatically block certificate errors from page resources without prompting the user.
    // This mirrors the behavior found in other major browsers.
    if (!error.isMainFrame()) {
        error.rejectCertificate();
        return;
    }

    error.defer();
    QTimer::singleShot(0, this,
                       [this, error]() mutable { emit createCertificateErrorDialog(error); });
}

Opening a Web Page

This section describes the workflow for opening a new page. When the user enters a URL in the navigation bar and presses Enter, the QLineEdit::returnPressed signal is emitted and the new URL is then handed over to TabWidget::setUrl:

BrowserWindow::BrowserWindow(Browser *browser, QWebEngineProfile *profile, bool forDevTools)
{
    ...
        connect(m_urlLineEdit, &QLineEdit::returnPressed, [this]() {
            m_tabWidget->setUrl(QUrl::fromUserInput(m_urlLineEdit->text()));
        });
    ...
}

The call is forwarded to the currently selected tab:

void TabWidget::setUrl(const QUrl &url)
{
    if (WebView *view = currentWebView()) {
        view->setUrl(url);
        view->setFocus();
    }
}

The setUrl() method of WebView just forwards the url to the associated WebPage, which in turn starts the downloading of the page's content in the background.

Implementing Private Browsing

Private browsing, incognito mode, or off-the-record mode is a feature of many browsers where normally persistent data, such as cookies, the HTTP cache, or browsing history, is kept only in memory, leaving no trace on disk. In this example we will implement private browsing on the window level with tabs in one window all in either normal or private mode. Alternatively we could implement private browsing on the tab-level, with some tabs in a window in normal mode, others in private mode.

Implementing private browsing is quite easy using Qt WebEngine. All one has to do is to create a new QWebEngineProfile and use it in the QWebEnginePage instead of the default profile. In the example this new profile is owned by the Browser object:

class Browser
{
public:
    ...
    BrowserWindow *createHiddenWindow(bool offTheRecord = false);
    BrowserWindow *createWindow(bool offTheRecord = false);
private:
    ...
    QScopedPointer<QWebEngineProfile> m_profile;
};

Required profile for private browsing is created together with its first window. The default constructor for QWebEngineProfile already puts it in off-the-record mode.

BrowserWindow *Browser::createHiddenWindow(bool offTheRecord)
{
    if (!offTheRecord && !m_profile) {
        const QString name = u"simplebrowser."_s + QLatin1StringView(qWebEngineChromiumVersion());
        QWebEngineProfileBuilder profileBuilder;
        m_profile.reset(profileBuilder.createProfile(name));
    ...

All that is left to do is to pass the appropriate profile down to the appropriate QWebEnginePage objects. The Browser object will hand to each new BrowserWindow either the global default profile (see QWebEngineProfile::defaultProfile) or one shared off-the-record profile instance:

    ...
        QObject::connect(m_profile.get(), &QWebEngineProfile::downloadRequested,
                         &m_downloadManagerWidget, &DownloadManagerWidget::downloadRequested);
    }
    auto profile = !offTheRecord ? m_profile.get() : QWebEngineProfile::defaultProfile();
    auto mainWindow = new BrowserWindow(this, profile, false);
    return mainWindow;
}

The BrowserWindow and TabWidget objects will then ensure that all QWebEnginePage objects contained in a window will use this profile.

Managing Downloads

Downloads are associated with a QWebEngineProfile. Whenever a download is triggered on a web page the QWebEngineProfile::downloadRequested signal is emitted with a QWebEngineDownloadRequest, which in this example is forwarded to DownloadManagerWidget::downloadRequested:

Browser::Browser()
{
    // Quit application if the download manager window is the only remaining window
    m_downloadManagerWidget.setAttribute(Qt::WA_QuitOnClose, false);

    QObject::connect(
        QWebEngineProfile::defaultProfile(), &QWebEngineProfile::downloadRequested,
        &m_downloadManagerWidget, &DownloadManagerWidget::downloadRequested);
}

This method prompts the user for a file name (with a pre-filled suggestion) and starts the download (unless the user cancels the Save As dialog):

void DownloadManagerWidget::downloadRequested(QWebEngineDownloadRequest *download)
{
    Q_ASSERT(download && download->state() == QWebEngineDownloadRequest::DownloadRequested);

    QString path = QFileDialog::getSaveFileName(this, tr("Save as"), QDir(download->downloadDirectory()).filePath(download->downloadFileName()));
    if (path.isEmpty())
        return;

    download->setDownloadDirectory(QFileInfo(path).path());
    download->setDownloadFileName(QFileInfo(path).fileName());
    download->accept();
    add(new DownloadWidget(download));

    show();
}

The QWebEngineDownloadRequest object will periodically emit the receivedBytesChanged signal to notify potential observers of the download progress and the stateChanged signal when the download is finished or when an error occurs. See downloadmanagerwidget.cpp for an example of how these signals can be handled.

Managing WebAuth/FIDO UX Requests

WebAuth UX requests are associated with QWebEnginePage. Whenever an authenticator requires user interaction, a UX request is triggered on the QWebEnginePage and the QWebEnginePage::webAuthUxRequested signal is emitted with QWebEngineWebAuthUxRequest, which in this example is forwarded to WebView::handleAuthenticatorRequired:

    connect(page, &QWebEnginePage::webAuthUxRequested, this, &WebView::handleWebAuthUxRequested);

This method creates a WebAuth UX dialog and initiates the UX request flow.

void WebView::handleWebAuthUxRequested(QWebEngineWebAuthUxRequest *request)
{
    if (m_authDialog)
        delete m_authDialog;

    m_authDialog = new WebAuthDialog(request, window());
    m_authDialog->setModal(false);
    m_authDialog->setWindowFlags(m_authDialog->windowFlags() & ~Qt::WindowContextHelpButtonHint);

    connect(request, &QWebEngineWebAuthUxRequest::stateChanged, this, &WebView::onStateChanged);
    m_authDialog->show();
}

The QWebEngineWebAuthUxRequest object periodically emits the stateChanged signal to notify potential observers of the current WebAuth UX states. The observers update the WebAuth dialog accordingly. See webview.cpp and webauthdialog.cpp for an example of how these signals can be handled.

Signing Requirement for macOS

To allow web sites access to the location, camera, and microphone when running Simple Browser on macOS, the application needs to be signed. This is done automatically when building, but you need to set up a valid signing identity for the build environment.

Files and Attributions

The example uses icons from the Tango Icon Library:

Tango Icon LibraryPublic Domain

Example project @ code.qt.io

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