Image Viewer Example¶
The example shows how to combine
QLabel
andQScrollArea
to display an image.
QLabel
is typically used for displaying text, but it can also display an image.QScrollArea
provides a scrolling view around another widget. If the child widget exceeds the size of the frame,QScrollArea
automatically provides scroll bars.The example demonstrates how
QLabel
‘s ability to scale its contents (scaledContents
), andQScrollArea
‘s ability to automatically resize its contents (widgetResizable
), can be used to implement zooming and scaling features. In addition the example shows how to useQPainter
to print an image.With the Image Viewer application, the users can view an image of their choice. The File menu gives the user the possibility to:
Open… - Open an image file
Print… - Print an image
Exit - Exit the application
Once an image is loaded, the View menu allows the users to:
Zoom In - Scale the image up by 25%
Zoom Out - Scale the image down by 25%
Normal Size - Show the image at its original size
Fit to Window - Stretch the image to occupy the entire window
In addition the Help menu provides the users with information about the Image Viewer example in particular, and about Qt in general.
ImageViewer Class Definition¶
class ImageViewer : public QMainWindow { Q_OBJECT public: ImageViewer(QWidget *parent = nullptr); bool loadFile(const QString &); private slots: void open(); void saveAs(); void print(); void copy(); void paste(); void zoomIn(); void zoomOut(); void normalSize(); void fitToWindow(); void about(); private: void createActions(); void createMenus(); void updateActions(); bool saveFile(const QString &fileName); void setImage(const QImage &newImage); void scaleImage(double factor); void adjustScrollBar(QScrollBar *scrollBar, double factor); QImage image; QLabel *imageLabel; QScrollArea *scrollArea; double scaleFactor = 1; #if defined(QT_PRINTSUPPORT_LIB) && QT_CONFIG(printer) QPrinter printer; #endif QAction *saveAsAct; QAction *printAct; QAction *copyAct; QAction *zoomInAct; QAction *zoomOutAct; QAction *normalSizeAct; QAction *fitToWindowAct; };The
ImageViewer
class inherits fromQMainWindow
. We reimplement the constructor, and create several private slots to facilitate the menu entries. In addition we create four private functions.We use
createActions()
andcreateMenus()
when constructing theImageViewer
widget. We use theupdateActions()
function to update the menu entries when a new image is loaded, or when the Fit to Window option is toggled. The zoom slots usescaleImage()
to perform the zooming. In turn,scaleImage()
usesadjustScrollBar()
to preserve the focal point after scaling an image.
ImageViewer Class Implementation¶
ImageViewer::ImageViewer(QWidget *parent) : QMainWindow(parent), imageLabel(new QLabel) , scrollArea(new QScrollArea) { imageLabel->setBackgroundRole(QPalette::Base); imageLabel->setSizePolicy(QSizePolicy::Ignored, QSizePolicy::Ignored); imageLabel->setScaledContents(true); scrollArea->setBackgroundRole(QPalette::Dark); scrollArea->setWidget(imageLabel); scrollArea->setVisible(false); setCentralWidget(scrollArea); createActions(); resize(QGuiApplication::primaryScreen()->availableSize() * 3 / 5); }In the constructor we first create the label and the scroll area.
We set
imageLabel
‘s size policy toignored
, making the users able to scale the image to whatever size they want when the Fit to Window option is turned on. Otherwise, the default size polizy (preferred
) will make scroll bars appear when the scroll area becomes smaller than the label’s minimum size hint.We ensure that the label will scale its contents to fill all available space, to enable the image to scale properly when zooming. If we omitted to set the
imageLabel
‘sscaledContents
property, zooming in would enlarge theQLabel
, but leave the pixmap at its original size, exposing theQLabel
‘s background.We make
imageLabel
the scroll area’s child widget, and we makescrollArea
the central widget of theQMainWindow
. At the end we create the associated actions and menus, and customize theImageViewer
‘s appearance.static void initializeImageFileDialog(QFileDialog &dialog, QFileDialog::AcceptMode acceptMode) { static bool firstDialog = true; if (firstDialog) { firstDialog = false; const QStringList picturesLocations = QStandardPaths::standardLocations(QStandardPaths::PicturesLocation); dialog.setDirectory(picturesLocations.isEmpty() ? QDir::currentPath() : picturesLocations.last()); } QStringList mimeTypeFilters; const QByteArrayList supportedMimeTypes = acceptMode == QFileDialog::AcceptOpen ? QImageReader::supportedMimeTypes() : QImageWriter::supportedMimeTypes(); for (const QByteArray &mimeTypeName : supportedMimeTypes) mimeTypeFilters.append(mimeTypeName); mimeTypeFilters.sort(); dialog.setMimeTypeFilters(mimeTypeFilters); dialog.selectMimeTypeFilter("image/jpeg"); dialog.setAcceptMode(acceptMode); if (acceptMode == QFileDialog::AcceptSave) dialog.setDefaultSuffix("jpg"); } void ImageViewer::open() { QFileDialog dialog(this, tr("Open File")); initializeImageFileDialog(dialog, QFileDialog::AcceptOpen); while (dialog.exec() == QDialog::Accepted && !loadFile(dialog.selectedFiles().constFirst())) {} }In the
open()
slot, we show a file dialog to the user. We compile a list of mime types for use as a filter by queryingQImageReader
for the available mime type names.We show the file dialog until a valid file name is entered or the user cancels.
The function
loadFile()
is used to load the image.bool ImageViewer::loadFile(const QString &fileName) { QImageReader reader(fileName); reader.setAutoTransform(true); const QImage newImage = reader.read(); if (newImage.isNull()) { QMessageBox::information(this, QGuiApplication::applicationDisplayName(), tr("Cannot load %1: %2") .arg(QDir::toNativeSeparators(fileName), reader.errorString())); return false; }In the
loadFile()
function, we instantiate aQImageReader
and enable automatic transformations by callingsetAutoTransform()
. For files in JPEG format, this ensures that portrait mode images of digital cameras are shown correctly by applying the appropriate orientation read from the EXIF meta data stored in the image file.We then load the image using
read()
. If this returns a null image, indicating that the file is not an image file, we use aQMessageBox
to alert the user.The
QMessageBox
class provides a modal dialog with a short message, an icon, and some buttons. As withQFileDialog
the easiest way to create aQMessageBox
is to use its static convenience functions.QMessageBox
provides a range of different messages arranged along two axes: severity (question, information, warning and critical) and complexity (the number of necessary response buttons). In this particular example an information message with an OK button (the default) is sufficient, since the message is part of a normal operation.scaleFactor = 1.0; scrollArea->setVisible(true); printAct->setEnabled(true); fitToWindowAct->setEnabled(true); updateActions(); if (!fitToWindowAct->isChecked()) imageLabel->adjustSize(); }If the format is supported, we display the image in
imageLabel
by setting the label’spixmap
. Then we enable the Print and Fit to Window menu entries and update the rest of the view menu entries. The Open and Exit entries are enabled by default.If the Fit to Window option is turned off, the
widgetResizable
property isfalse
and it is our responsibility (notQScrollArea
‘s) to give theQLabel
a reasonable size based on its contents. We call {adjustSize()
}{adjustSize()} to achieve this, which is essentially the same asimageLabel->resize(imageLabel->pixmap()->size());In the
print()
slot, we first make sure that an image has been loaded into the application:void ImageViewer::print() { Q_ASSERT(!imageLabel->pixmap(Qt::ReturnByValue).isNull()); #if defined(QT_PRINTSUPPORT_LIB) && QT_CONFIG(printdialog)If the application is built in debug mode, the
Q_ASSERT()
macro will expand toif (imageLabel->pixmap(Qt::ReturnByValue).isNull()) qFatal("ASSERT: "imageLabel->pixmap(Qt::ReturnByValue).isNull()" in file ...");In release mode, the macro simply disappear. The mode can be set in the application’s
.pro
file. One way to do so is to add an option to qmake when building the application:qmake "CONFIG += debug" foo.proor
qmake "CONFIG += release" foo.proAnother approach is to add this line directly to the
.pro
file.QPrintDialog dialog(&printer, this); if (dialog.exec()) { QPainter painter(&printer); QPixmap pixmap = imageLabel->pixmap(Qt::ReturnByValue); QRect rect = painter.viewport(); QSize size = pixmap.size(); size.scale(rect.size(), Qt::KeepAspectRatio); painter.setViewport(rect.x(), rect.y(), size.width(), size.height()); painter.setWindow(pixmap.rect()); painter.drawPixmap(0, 0, pixmap); } #endif }Then we present a print dialog allowing the user to choose a printer and to set a few options. We construct a painter with a
QPrinter
as the paint device. We set the painter’s window and viewport in such a way that the image is as large as possible on the paper, but without altering itsaspect ratio
.In the end we draw the pixmap at position (0, 0).
void ImageViewer::zoomIn() { scaleImage(1.25); } void ImageViewer::zoomOut() { scaleImage(0.8); }We implement the zooming slots using the private
scaleImage()
function. We set the scaling factors to 1.25 and 0.8, respectively. These factor values ensure that a Zoom In action and a Zoom Out action will cancel each other (since 1.25 * 0.8 == 1), and in that way the normal image size can be restored using the zooming features.The screenshots below show an image in its normal size, and the same image after zooming in:
void ImageViewer::normalSize() { imageLabel->adjustSize(); scaleFactor = 1.0; }When zooming, we use the
QLabel
‘s ability to scale its contents. Such scaling doesn’t change the actual size hint of the contents. And since theadjustSize()
function use those size hint, the only thing we need to do to restore the normal size of the currently displayed image is to calladjustSize()
and reset the scale factor to 1.0.void ImageViewer::fitToWindow() { bool fitToWindow = fitToWindowAct->isChecked(); scrollArea->setWidgetResizable(fitToWindow); if (!fitToWindow) normalSize(); updateActions(); }The
fitToWindow()
slot is called each time the user toggled the Fit to Window option. If the slot is called to turn on the option, we tell the scroll area to resize its child widget with thesetWidgetResizable()
function. Then we disable the Zoom In, Zoom Out and Normal Size menu entries using the privateupdateActions()
function.If the
widgetResizable
property is set tofalse
(the default), the scroll area honors the size of its child widget. If this property is set totrue
, the scroll area will automatically resize the widget in order to avoid scroll bars where they can be avoided, or to take advantage of extra space. But the scroll area will honor the minimum size hint of its child widget independent of the widget resizable property. So in this example we setimageLabel
‘s size policy toignored
in the constructor, to avoid that scroll bars appear when the scroll area becomes smaller than the label’s minimum size hint.The screenshots below shows an image in its normal size, and the same image with the Fit to window option turned on. Enlarging the window will stretch the image further, as shown in the third screenshot.
If the slot is called to turn off the option, the {
setWidgetResizable
} property is set tofalse
. We also restore the image pixmap to its normal size by adjusting the label’s size to its content. And in the end we update the view menu entries.void ImageViewer::about() { QMessageBox::about(this, tr("About Image Viewer"), tr("<p>The <b>Image Viewer</b> example shows how to combine QLabel " "and QScrollArea to display an image. QLabel is typically used " "for displaying a text, but it can also display an image. " "QScrollArea provides a scrolling view around another widget. " "If the child widget exceeds the size of the frame, QScrollArea " "automatically provides scroll bars. </p><p>The example " "demonstrates how QLabel's ability to scale its contents " "(QLabel::scaledContents), and QScrollArea's ability to " "automatically resize its contents " "(QScrollArea::widgetResizable), can be used to implement " "zooming and scaling features. </p><p>In addition the example " "shows how to use QPainter to print an image.</p>")); }We implement the
about()
slot to create a message box describing what the example is designed to show.void ImageViewer::createActions() { QMenu *fileMenu = menuBar()->addMenu(tr("&File")); QAction *openAct = fileMenu->addAction(tr("&Open..."), this, &ImageViewer::open); openAct->setShortcut(QKeySequence::Open); saveAsAct = fileMenu->addAction(tr("&Save As..."), this, &ImageViewer::saveAs); saveAsAct->setEnabled(false); printAct = fileMenu->addAction(tr("&Print..."), this, &ImageViewer::print); printAct->setShortcut(QKeySequence::Print); printAct->setEnabled(false); fileMenu->addSeparator(); QAction *exitAct = fileMenu->addAction(tr("E&xit"), this, &QWidget::close); exitAct->setShortcut(tr("Ctrl+Q")); QMenu *editMenu = menuBar()->addMenu(tr("&Edit")); copyAct = editMenu->addAction(tr("&Copy"), this, &ImageViewer::copy); copyAct->setShortcut(QKeySequence::Copy); copyAct->setEnabled(false); QAction *pasteAct = editMenu->addAction(tr("&Paste"), this, &ImageViewer::paste); pasteAct->setShortcut(QKeySequence::Paste); QMenu *viewMenu = menuBar()->addMenu(tr("&View")); zoomInAct = viewMenu->addAction(tr("Zoom &In (25%)"), this, &ImageViewer::zoomIn); zoomInAct->setShortcut(QKeySequence::ZoomIn); zoomInAct->setEnabled(false); zoomOutAct = viewMenu->addAction(tr("Zoom &Out (25%)"), this, &ImageViewer::zoomOut); zoomOutAct->setShortcut(QKeySequence::ZoomOut); zoomOutAct->setEnabled(false); normalSizeAct = viewMenu->addAction(tr("&Normal Size"), this, &ImageViewer::normalSize); normalSizeAct->setShortcut(tr("Ctrl+S")); normalSizeAct->setEnabled(false); viewMenu->addSeparator(); fitToWindowAct = viewMenu->addAction(tr("&Fit to Window"), this, &ImageViewer::fitToWindow); fitToWindowAct->setEnabled(false); fitToWindowAct->setCheckable(true); fitToWindowAct->setShortcut(tr("Ctrl+F")); QMenu *helpMenu = menuBar()->addMenu(tr("&Help")); helpMenu->addAction(tr("&About"), this, &ImageViewer::about); helpMenu->addAction(tr("About &Qt"), this, &QApplication::aboutQt); }In the private
createAction()
function, we create the actions providing the application features and populate a menu with them.We assign a short-cut key to each action and connect them to the appropriate slots. We only enable the
openAct
andexitAct
at the time of creation, the others are updated once an image has been loaded into the application. In addition we make thefitToWindowAct
checkable
.The
QMenu
class provides a menu widget for use in menu bars, context menus, and other popup menus. TheQMenuBar
class provides a horizontal menu bar that consists of a list of pull-down menu items. So we put the menus in theImageViewer
‘s menu bar which we retrieve with themenuBar()
function.void ImageViewer::updateActions() { saveAsAct->setEnabled(!image.isNull()); copyAct->setEnabled(!image.isNull()); zoomInAct->setEnabled(!fitToWindowAct->isChecked()); zoomOutAct->setEnabled(!fitToWindowAct->isChecked()); normalSizeAct->setEnabled(!fitToWindowAct->isChecked()); }The private
updateActions()
function enables or disables the Zoom In, Zoom Out and Normal Size menu entries depending on whether the Fit to Window option is turned on or off.void ImageViewer::scaleImage(double factor) { scaleFactor *= factor; imageLabel->resize(scaleFactor * imageLabel->pixmap(Qt::ReturnByValue).size()); adjustScrollBar(scrollArea->horizontalScrollBar(), factor); adjustScrollBar(scrollArea->verticalScrollBar(), factor); zoomInAct->setEnabled(scaleFactor < 3.0); zoomOutAct->setEnabled(scaleFactor > 0.333); }In
scaleImage()
, we use thefactor
parameter to calculate the new scaling factor for the displayed image, and resizeimageLabel
. Since we set thescaledContents
property totrue
in the constructor, the call toresize()
will scale the image displayed in the label. We also adjust the scroll bars to preserve the focal point of the image.At the end, if the scale factor is less than 33.3% or greater than 300%, we disable the respective menu entry to prevent the image pixmap from becoming too large, consuming too much resources in the window system.
void ImageViewer::adjustScrollBar(QScrollBar *scrollBar, double factor) { scrollBar->setValue(int(factor * scrollBar->value() + ((factor - 1) * scrollBar->pageStep()/2))); }Whenever we zoom in or out, we need to adjust the scroll bars in consequence. It would have been tempting to simply call
scrollBar->setValue(int(factor * scrollBar->value()));but this would make the top-left corner the focal point, not the center. Therefore we need to take into account the scroll bar handle’s size (the
page step
).
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