QRhi Class

Member Function Documentation

[noexcept] QRhi::~QRhi()

Destructor. Destroys the backend and releases resources.

void QRhi::addCleanupCallback(const QRhi::CleanupCallback &callback)

Registers a callback that is invoked either when the QRhi is destroyed, or when runCleanup() is called.

The callback will run with the graphics resource still available, so this provides an opportunity for the application to cleanly release QRhiResource instances belonging to the QRhi. This is particularly useful for managing the lifetime of resources stored in cache type of objects, where the cache holds QRhiResources or objects containing QRhiResources.

See also runCleanup() and ~QRhi().

void QRhi::addCleanupCallback(const void *key, const QRhi::CleanupCallback &callback)

This is an overloaded function.

Registers callback to be invoked either when the QRhi is destroyed or when runCleanup() is called. This overload takes an opaque pointer, key, that is used to ensure that a given callback is registered (and so called) only once.

See also removeCleanupCallback().

QRhi::Implementation QRhi::backend() const

Returns the backend type for this QRhi.

const char *QRhi::backendName() const

Returns the backend type as string for this QRhi.

[static] const char *QRhi::backendName(QRhi::Implementation impl)

Returns a friendly name for the backend impl, usually the name of the 3D API in use.

QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhi::beginFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags = {})

Starts a new frame targeting the next available buffer of swapChain.

A frame consists of resource updates and one or more render and compute passes.

flags can indicate certain special cases.

The high level pattern of rendering into a QWindow using a swapchain:

• Create a swapchain.
• Call QRhiSwapChain::createOrResize() whenever the surface size is different than before.
• Call QRhiSwapChain::destroy() on QPlatformSurfaceEvent::SurfaceAboutToBeDestroyed.
• Then on every frame:

  beginFrame(sc);
  updates = nextResourceUpdateBatch();
  updates->...
  QRhiCommandBuffer *cb = sc->currentFrameCommandBuffer();
  cb->beginPass(sc->currentFrameRenderTarget(), colorClear, dsClear, updates);
  ...
  cb->endPass();
  ... // more passes as necessary
  endFrame(sc);

Returns QRhi::FrameOpSuccess on success, or another QRhi::FrameOpResult value on failure. Some of these should be treated as soft, "try again later" type of errors: When QRhi::FrameOpSwapChainOutOfDate is returned, the swapchain is to be resized or updated by calling QRhiSwapChain::createOrResize(). The application should then attempt to generate a new frame. QRhi::FrameOpDeviceLost means the graphics device is lost but this may also be recoverable by releasing all resources, including the QRhi itself, and then recreating all resources. See isDeviceLost() for further discussion.

See also endFrame(), beginOffscreenFrame(), and isDeviceLost().

QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhi::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags = {})

Starts a new offscreen frame. Provides a command buffer suitable for recording rendering commands in cb. flags is used to indicate certain special cases, just like with beginFrame().

Rendering without a swapchain is possible as well. The typical use case is to use it in completely offscreen applications, e.g. to generate image sequences by rendering and reading back without ever showing a window.

Usage in on-screen applications (so beginFrame, endFrame, beginOffscreenFrame, endOffscreenFrame, beginFrame, ...) is possible too but it does reduce parallelism so it should be done only infrequently.

Offscreen frames do not let the CPU potentially generate another frame while the GPU is still processing the previous one. This has the side effect that if readbacks are scheduled, the results are guaranteed to be available once endOffscreenFrame() returns. That is not the case with frames targeting a swapchain: there the GPU is potentially better utilized, but working with readback operations needs more care from the application because endFrame(), unlike endOffscreenFrame(), does not guarantee that the results from the readback are available at that point.

The skeleton of rendering a frame without a swapchain and then reading the frame contents back could look like the following:

QRhiReadbackResult rbResult;
QRhiCommandBuffer *cb;
rhi->beginOffscreenFrame(&cb);
cb->beginPass(rt, colorClear, dsClear);
// ...
u = nextResourceUpdateBatch();
u->readBackTexture(rb, &rbResult);
cb->endPass(u);
rhi->endOffscreenFrame();
// image data available in rbResult

See also endOffscreenFrame() and beginFrame().

QMatrix4x4 QRhi::clipSpaceCorrMatrix() const

Returns a matrix that can be used to allow applications keep using OpenGL-targeted vertex data and perspective projection matrices (such as, the ones generated by QMatrix4x4::perspective()), regardless of the active QRhi backend.

In a typical renderer, once this_matrix * mvp is used instead of just mvp, vertex data with Y up and viewports with depth range 0 - 1 can be used without considering what backend (and so graphics API) is going to be used at run time. This way branching based on isYUpInNDC() and isClipDepthZeroToOne() can be avoided (although such logic may still become required when implementing certain advanced graphics techniques).

See this page for a discussion of the topic from Vulkan perspective.

[static] QRhi *QRhi::create(QRhi::Implementation impl, QRhiInitParams *params, QRhi::Flags flags = {}, QRhiNativeHandles *importDevice = nullptr)

Returns a new QRhi instance with a backend for the graphics API specified by impl with the specified flags. Returns nullptr if the function fails.

params must point to an instance of one of the backend-specific subclasses of QRhiInitParams, such as, QRhiVulkanInitParams, QRhiMetalInitParams, QRhiD3D11InitParams, QRhiD3D12InitParams, QRhiGles2InitParams. See these classes for examples on creating a QRhi.

QRhi by design does not implement any fallback logic: if the specified API cannot be initialized, create() will fail, with warnings printed on the debug output by the backends. The clients of QRhi, for example Qt Quick, may however provide additional logic that allow falling back to an API different than what was requested, depending on the platform. If the intention is just to test if initialization would succeed when calling create() at later point, it is preferable to use probe() instead of create(), because with some backends probing can be implemented in a more lightweight manner as opposed to create(), which performs full initialization of the infrastructure and is wasteful if that QRhi instance is then thrown immediately away.

importDevice allows using an already existing graphics device, without QRhi creating its own. When not null, this parameter must point to an instance of one of the subclasses of QRhiNativeHandles: QRhiVulkanNativeHandles, QRhiD3D11NativeHandles, QRhiD3D12NativeHandles, QRhiMetalNativeHandles, QRhiGles2NativeHandles. The exact details and semantics depend on the backand and the underlying graphics API.

See also probe().

int QRhi::currentFrameSlot() const

Returns the current frame slot index while recording a frame. Unspecified when called outside an active frame (that is, when isRecordingFrame() is false).

With backends like Vulkan or Metal, it is the responsibility of the QRhi backend to block whenever starting a new frame and finding the CPU is already FramesInFlight - 1 frames ahead of the GPU (because the command buffer submitted in frame no. current - FramesInFlight has not yet completed).

Resources that tend to change between frames (such as, the native buffer object backing a QRhiBuffer with type QRhiBuffer::Dynamic) exist in multiple versions, so that each frame, that can be submitted while a previous one is still being processed, works with its own copy, thus avoiding the need to stall the pipeline when preparing the frame. (The contents of a resource that may still be in use in the GPU should not be touched, but simply always waiting for the previous frame to finish would reduce GPU utilization and ultimately, performance and efficiency.)

Conceptually this is somewhat similar to copy-on-write schemes used by some C++ containers and other types. It may also be similar to what an OpenGL or Direct 3D 11 implementation performs internally for certain type of objects.

In practice, such double (or triple) buffering resources is realized in the Vulkan, Metal, and similar QRhi backends by having a fixed number of native resource (such as, VkBuffer) slots behind a QRhiResource. That can then be indexed by a frame slot index running 0, 1, .., FramesInFlight-1, and then wrapping around.

All this is managed transparently to the users of QRhi. However, applications that integrate rendering done directly with the graphics API may want to perform a similar double or triple buffering of their own graphics resources. That is then most easily achieved by knowing the values of the maximum number of in-flight frames (retrievable via resourceLimit()) and the current frame (slot) index (returned by this function).

See also isRecordingFrame(), beginFrame(), and endFrame().

QRhiDriverInfo QRhi::driverInfo() const

Returns metadata for the graphics device used by this successfully initialized QRhi instance.

QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhi::endFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags = {})

Ends, commits, and presents a frame that was started in the last beginFrame() on swapChain.

Double (or triple) buffering is managed internally by the QRhiSwapChain and QRhi.

flags can optionally be used to change the behavior in certain ways. Passing QRhi::SkipPresent skips queuing the Present command or calling swapBuffers.

Returns QRhi::FrameOpSuccess on success, or another QRhi::FrameOpResult value on failure. Some of these should be treated as soft, "try again later" type of errors: When QRhi::FrameOpSwapChainOutOfDate is returned, the swapchain is to be resized or updated by calling QRhiSwapChain::createOrResize(). The application should then attempt to generate a new frame. QRhi::FrameOpDeviceLost means the graphics device is lost but this may also be recoverable by releasing all resources, including the QRhi itself, and then recreating all resources. See isDeviceLost() for further discussion.

See also beginFrame() and isDeviceLost().

QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhi::endOffscreenFrame(QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags = {})

Ends, submits, and waits for the offscreen frame.

flags is not currently used.

See also beginOffscreenFrame().

QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhi::finish()

Waits for any work on the graphics queue (where applicable) to complete, then executes all deferred operations, like completing readbacks and resource releases. Can be called inside and outside of a frame, but not inside a pass. Inside a frame it implies submitting any work on the command buffer.

bool QRhi::isClipDepthZeroToOne() const

Returns true if the underlying graphics API uses depth range [0, 1] in clip space.

In practice this is false for OpenGL only, because OpenGL uses a post-projection depth range of [-1, 1]. (not to be confused with the NDC-to-window mapping controlled by glDepthRange(), which uses a range of [0, 1], unless overridden by the QRhiViewport) In some OpenGL versions glClipControl() could be used to change this, but the OpenGL backend of QRhi does not use that function as it is not available in OpenGL ES or OpenGL versions lower than 4.5.

bool QRhi::isDeviceLost() const

Returns true if the graphics device was lost.

The loss of the device is typically detected in beginFrame(), endFrame() or QRhiSwapChain::createOrResize(), depending on the backend and the underlying native APIs. The most common is endFrame() because that is where presenting happens. With some backends QRhiSwapChain::createOrResize() can also fail due to a device loss. Therefore this function is provided as a generic way to check if a device loss was detected by a previous operation.

When the device is lost, no further operations should be done via the QRhi. Rather, all QRhi resources should be released, followed by destroying the QRhi. A new QRhi can then be attempted to be created. If successful, all graphics resources must be reinitialized. If not, try again later, repeatedly.

While simple applications may decide to not care about device loss, on the commonly used desktop platforms a device loss can happen due to a variety of reasons, including physically disconnecting the graphics adapter, disabling the device or driver, uninstalling or upgrading the graphics driver, or due to errors that lead to a graphics device reset. Some of these can happen under perfectly normal circumstances as well, for example the upgrade of the graphics driver to a newer version is a common task that can happen at any time while a Qt application is running. Users may very well expect applications to be able to survive this, even when the application is actively using an API like OpenGL or Direct3D.

Qt's own frameworks built on top of QRhi, such as, Qt Quick, can be expected to handle and take appropriate measures when a device loss occurs. If the data for graphics resources, such as textures and buffers, are still available on the CPU side, such an event may not be noticeable on the application level at all since graphics resources can seamlessly be reinitialized then. However, applications and libraries working directly with QRhi are expected to be prepared to check and handle device loss situations themselves.

bool QRhi::isFeatureSupported(QRhi::Feature feature) const

Returns true if the specified feature is supported

bool QRhi::isRecordingFrame() const

Returns true when there is an active frame, meaning there was a beginFrame() (or beginOffscreenFrame()) with no corresponding endFrame() (or endOffscreenFrame()) yet.

See also currentFrameSlot(), beginFrame(), and endFrame().

bool QRhi::isTextureFormatSupported(QRhiTexture::Format format, QRhiTexture::Flags flags = {}) const

Returns true if the specified texture format modified by flags is supported.

The query is supported both for uncompressed and compressed formats.

bool QRhi::isYUpInFramebuffer() const

Returns true if the underlying graphics API has the Y axis pointing up in framebuffers and images.

In practice this is true for OpenGL only.

bool QRhi::isYUpInNDC() const

Returns true if the underlying graphics API has the Y axis pointing up in its normalized device coordinate system.

In practice this is false for Vulkan only.

bool QRhi::makeThreadLocalNativeContextCurrent()

With OpenGL this makes the OpenGL context current on the current thread. The function has no effect with other backends.

Calling this function is relevant typically in Qt framework code, when one has to ensure external OpenGL code provided by the application can still run like it did before with direct usage of OpenGL, as long as the QRhi is using the OpenGL backend.

Returns false when failed, similarly to QOpenGLContext::makeCurrent(). When the operation failed, isDeviceLost() can be called to determine if there was a loss of context situation. Such a check is equivalent to checking via QOpenGLContext::isValid().

See also QOpenGLContext::makeCurrent() and QOpenGLContext::isValid().

[static] int QRhi::mipLevelsForSize(const QSize &size)

Returns the number of mip levels for a given size.

const QRhiNativeHandles *QRhi::nativeHandles()

Returns a pointer to the backend-specific collection of native objects for the device, context, and similar concepts used by the backend.

Cast to QRhiVulkanNativeHandles, QRhiD3D11NativeHandles, QRhiD3D12NativeHandles, QRhiGles2NativeHandles, or QRhiMetalNativeHandles as appropriate.

QRhiBuffer *QRhi::newBuffer(QRhiBuffer::Type type, QRhiBuffer::UsageFlags usage, quint32 size)

Returns a new buffer with the specified type, usage, and size.

See also QRhiResource::destroy().

QRhiComputePipeline *QRhi::newComputePipeline()

Returns a new compute pipeline resource.

See also QRhiResource::destroy().

QRhiGraphicsPipeline *QRhi::newGraphicsPipeline()

Returns a new graphics pipeline resource.

See also QRhiResource::destroy().

QRhiRenderBuffer *QRhi::newRenderBuffer(QRhiRenderBuffer::Type type, const QSize &pixelSize, int sampleCount = 1, QRhiRenderBuffer::Flags flags = {}, QRhiTexture::Format backingFormatHint = QRhiTexture::UnknownFormat)

Returns a new renderbuffer with the specified type, pixelSize, sampleCount, and flags.

When backingFormatHint is set to a texture format other than QRhiTexture::UnknownFormat, it may be used by the backend to decide what format to use for the storage backing the renderbuffer.

See also QRhiResource::destroy().

QRhiSampler *QRhi::newSampler(QRhiSampler::Filter magFilter, QRhiSampler::Filter minFilter, QRhiSampler::Filter mipmapMode, QRhiSampler::AddressMode addressU, QRhiSampler::AddressMode addressV, QRhiSampler::AddressMode addressW = QRhiSampler::Repeat)

Returns a new sampler with the specified magnification filter magFilter, minification filter minFilter, mipmapping mode mipmapMode, and the addressing (wrap) modes addressU, addressV, and addressW.

See also QRhiResource::destroy().

QRhiShaderResourceBindings *QRhi::newShaderResourceBindings()

Returns a new shader resource binding collection resource.

See also QRhiResource::destroy().

[since 6.9] QRhiShadingRateMap *QRhi::newShadingRateMap()

Returns a new shading rate map object.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.9.

QRhiSwapChain *QRhi::newSwapChain()

Returns a new swapchain.

See also QRhiResource::destroy() and QRhiSwapChain::createOrResize().

QRhiTexture *QRhi::newTexture(QRhiTexture::Format format, const QSize &pixelSize, int sampleCount = 1, QRhiTexture::Flags flags = {})

Returns a new 1D or 2D texture with the specified format, pixelSize, sampleCount, and flags.

A 1D texture array must have QRhiTexture::OneDimensional set in flags. This function will implicitly set this flag if the pixelSize height is 0.

See also QRhiResource::destroy().

QRhiTexture *QRhi::newTexture(QRhiTexture::Format format, int width, int height, int depth, int sampleCount = 1, QRhiTexture::Flags flags = {})

Returns a new 1D, 2D or 3D texture with the specified format, width, height, depth, sampleCount, and flags.

This overload is suitable for 3D textures because it allows specifying depth. A 3D texture must have QRhiTexture::ThreeDimensional set in flags, but using this overload that can be omitted because the flag is set implicitly whenever depth is greater than 0. For 1D, 2D and cube textures depth should be set to 0.

A 1D texture must have QRhiTexture::OneDimensional set in flags. This overload will implicitly set this flag if both height and depth are 0.

This is an overloaded function.

QRhiTexture *QRhi::newTextureArray(QRhiTexture::Format format, int arraySize, const QSize &pixelSize, int sampleCount = 1, QRhiTexture::Flags flags = {})

Returns a new 1D or 2D texture array with the specified format, arraySize, pixelSize, sampleCount, and flags.

This function implicitly sets QRhiTexture::TextureArray in flags.

A 1D texture array must have QRhiTexture::OneDimensional set in flags. This function will implicitly set this flag if the pixelSize height is 0.

See also newTexture().

QRhiTextureRenderTarget *QRhi::newTextureRenderTarget(const QRhiTextureRenderTargetDescription &desc, QRhiTextureRenderTarget::Flags flags = {})

Returns a new texture render target with color and depth/stencil attachments given in desc, and with the specified flags.

See also QRhiResource::destroy().

QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *QRhi::nextResourceUpdateBatch()

Returns an available, empty batch to which copy type of operations can be recorded.

Due to not being tied to a frame being recorded, the following sequence is valid for example:

rhi->beginFrame(swapchain);
QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *u = rhi->nextResourceUpdateBatch();
u->uploadStaticBuffer(buf, data);
// ... do not commit the batch
rhi->endFrame();
// u stays valid (assuming buf stays valid as well)
rhi->beginFrame(swapchain);
swapchain->currentFrameCommandBuffer()->resourceUpdate(u);
// ... draw with buf
rhi->endFrame();

QByteArray QRhi::pipelineCacheData()

Returns a binary data blob with data collected from the QRhiGraphicsPipeline and QRhiComputePipeline successfully created during the lifetime of this QRhi.

By saving and then, in subsequent runs of the same application, reloading the cache data, pipeline and shader creation times can potentially be reduced. What exactly the cache and its serialized version includes is not specified, is always specific to the backend used, and in some cases also dependent on the particular implementation of the graphics API.

When the PipelineCacheDataLoadSave is reported as unsupported, the returned QByteArray is empty.

When the EnablePipelineCacheDataSave flag was not specified when calling create(), the returned QByteArray may be empty, even when the PipelineCacheDataLoadSave feature is supported.

When the returned data is non-empty, it is always specific to the Qt version and QRhi backend. In addition, in some cases there is a strong dependency to the graphics device and the exact driver version used. QRhi takes care of adding the appropriate header and safeguards that ensure that the data can always be passed safely to setPipelineCacheData(), therefore attempting to load data from a run on another version of a driver will be handled safely and gracefully.

See EnablePipelineCacheDataSave for further details about this feature.

See also setPipelineCacheData(), create(), and isFeatureSupported().

[static] bool QRhi::probe(QRhi::Implementation impl, QRhiInitParams *params)

Returns true if create() can be expected to succeed when called the given impl and params.

For some backends this is equivalent to calling create(), checking its return value, and then destroying the resulting QRhi.

For others, in particular with Metal, there may be a specific probing implementation, which allows testing in a more lightweight manner without polluting the debug output with warnings upon failures.

See also create().

void QRhi::releaseCachedResources()

Attempts to release resources in the backend's caches. This can include both CPU and GPU resources. Only memory and resources that can be recreated automatically are in scope. As an example, if the backend's QRhiGraphicsPipeline implementation maintains a cache of shader compilation results, calling this function leads to emptying that cache, thus potentially freeing up memory and graphics resources.

Calling this function makes sense in resource constrained environments, where at a certain point there is a need to ensure minimal resource usage, at the expense of performance.

void QRhi::removeCleanupCallback(const void *key)

Deregisters the callback with key. If no cleanup callback was registered with key, the function does nothing. Callbacks registered without a key cannot be removed.

See also addCleanupCallback().

int QRhi::resourceLimit(QRhi::ResourceLimit limit) const

Returns the value for the specified resource limit.

The values are expected to be queried by the backends upon initialization, meaning calling this function is a light operation.

void QRhi::runCleanup()

Invokes all registered cleanup functions. The list of cleanup callbacks it then cleared. Normally destroying the QRhi does this automatically, but sometimes it can be useful to trigger cleanup in order to release all cached, non-essential resources.

See also addCleanupCallback().

void QRhi::setPipelineCacheData(const QByteArray &data)

Loads data into the pipeline cache, when applicable.

When the PipelineCacheDataLoadSave is reported as unsupported, the function is safe to call, but has no effect.

The blob returned by pipelineCacheData() is always specific to the Qt version, the QRhi backend, and, in some cases, also to the graphics device, and a given version of the graphics driver. QRhi takes care of adding the appropriate header and safeguards that ensure that the data can always be passed safely to this function. If there is a mismatch, e.g. because the driver has been upgraded to a newer version, or because the data was generated from a different QRhi backend, a warning is printed and data is safely ignored.

With Vulkan, this maps directly to VkPipelineCache. Calling this function creates a new Vulkan pipeline cache object, with its initial data sourced from data. The pipeline cache object is then used by all subsequently created QRhiGraphicsPipeline and QRhiComputePipeline objects, thus accelerating, potentially, the pipeline creation.

With other APIs there is no real pipeline cache, but they may provide a cache with bytecode from shader compilations (D3D) or program binaries (OpenGL). In applications that perform a lot of shader compilation from source at run time this can provide a significant boost in subsequent runs if the "pipeline cache" is pre-seeded from an earlier run using this function.

See EnablePipelineCacheDataSave for further details about this feature.

See also pipelineCacheData() and isFeatureSupported().

[since 6.9] void QRhi::setQueueSubmitParams(QRhiNativeHandles *params)

With backends and graphics APIs where applicable, this function allows to provide additional arguments to the next submission of commands to the graphics command queue.

In particular, with Vulkan this allows passing in a list of Vulkan semaphore objects for vkQueueSubmit() to signal and wait on. params must then be a QRhiVulkanQueueSubmitParams. This becomes essential in certain advanced use cases, such as when performing native Vulkan calls that involve having to wait on and signal VkSemaphores that the application's custom Vulkan rendering or compute code manages. In addition, this also allows specifying additional semaphores to wait on in the next vkQueuePresentKHR().

With many other backends the implementation of this function is a no-op.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.9.

[static] QSize QRhi::sizeForMipLevel(int mipLevel, const QSize &baseLevelSize)

Returns the texture image size for a given mipLevel, calculated based on the level 0 size given in baseLevelSize.

QRhiStats QRhi::statistics() const

Gathers and returns statistics about the timings and allocations of graphics resources.

Data about memory allocations is only available with some backends, where such operations are under Qt's control. With graphics APIs where there is no lower level control over resource memory allocations, this will never be supported and all relevant fields in the results are 0.

With Vulkan in particular, the values are valid always, and are queried from the underlying memory allocator library. This gives an insight into the memory requirements of the active buffers and textures.

The same is true for Direct 3D 12. In addition to the memory allocator library's statistics, here the result also includes a totalUsageBytes field which reports the total size including additional resources that are not under the memory allocator library's control (swapchain buffers, descriptor heaps, etc.), as reported by DXGI.

The values correspond to all types of memory used, combined. (i.e. video + system in case of a discreet GPU)

Additional data, such as the total time in milliseconds spent in graphics and compute pipeline creation (which usually involves shader compilation or cache lookups, and potentially expensive processing) is available with most backends.

QList<int> QRhi::supportedSampleCounts() const

Returns the list of supported sample counts.

A typical example would be (1, 2, 4, 8).

With some backend this list of supported values is fixed in advance, while with some others the (physical) device properties indicate what is supported at run time.

See also QRhiRenderBuffer::setSampleCount(), QRhiTexture::setSampleCount(), QRhiGraphicsPipeline::setSampleCount(), and QRhiSwapChain::setSampleCount().

[since 6.9] QList<QSize> QRhi::supportedShadingRates(int sampleCount) const

Returns The list of supported variable shading rates for the specified sampleCount.

1x1 is always supported.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.9.

QThread *QRhi::thread() const

Returns the thread on which the QRhi was initialized.

int QRhi::ubufAligned(int v) const

Returns the value (typically an offset) v aligned to the uniform buffer alignment given by by ubufAlignment().

int QRhi::ubufAlignment() const

Returns the minimum uniform buffer offset alignment in bytes. This is typically 256.

Attempting to bind a uniform buffer region with an offset not aligned to this value will lead to failures depending on the backend and the underlying graphics API.

See also ubufAligned().

[static] QRhiSwapChainProxyData QRhi::updateSwapChainProxyData(QRhi::Implementation impl, QWindow *window)

Generates and returns a QRhiSwapChainProxyData struct containing opaque data specific to the backend and graphics API specified by impl. window is the QWindow a swapchain is targeting.

The returned struct can be passed to QRhiSwapChain::setProxyData(). This makes sense in threaded rendering systems: this static function is expected to be called on the main (gui) thread, unlike all QRhi operations, then transferred to the thread working with the QRhi and QRhiSwapChain and passed on to the swapchain. This allows doing native platform queries that are only safe to be called on the main thread, for example to query the CAMetalLayer from a NSView, and then passing on the data to the QRhiSwapChain living on the rendering thread. With the Metal example, doing the view.layer access on a dedicated rendering thread causes a warning in the Xcode Thread Checker. With the data proxy mechanism, this is avoided.

When threads are not involved, generating and passing on the QRhiSwapChainProxyData is not required: backends are guaranteed to be able to query whatever is needed on their own, and if everything lives on the main (gui) thread, that should be sufficient.