The signature C extension

This module is a C extension for CPython 3.5 and up, and CPython 2.7. Its purpose is to provide support for the __signature__ attribute of builtin PyCFunction objects.

Short Introduction to the Topic

Beginning with CPython 3.5, Python functions began to grow a __signature__ attribute for normal Python functions. This is totally optional and just a nice-to-have feature in Python.

PySide, on the other hand, could use __signature__ very much, because the typing info for the 15000+ PySide functions is really missing, and it would be nice to have this info directly available.

The Idea to Support Signatures

We want to have an additional __signature__ attribute in all PySide methods, without changing lots of generated code. Therefore, we did not change any of the existing data structures, but supported the new attribute by a global dictionary.

When the __signature__ property is requested, a method is called that does a lookup in the global dict. This is a flexible approach with little impact to the rest of the project. It has very limited overhead compared to direct attribute access, but for the need of a signature access from time to time, this is an adequate compromise.

How this Code Works

Signatures are supported for regular Python functions, only. Creating signatures for PyCFunction objects would require quite some extra effort in Python.

Fortunately, we found this special stealth technique, that saves us most of the needed effort:

The basic idea is to create a dummy Python function with varnames, defaults and annotations properties, and then to use the inspect module to create a signature object. This object is returned as the computed result of the __signature__ attribute of the real PyCFunction object.

There is one thing that really changes Python a bit:

• We added the __signature__ attribute to every function.

That is a little change to Python that does not harm, but it saves us tons of code, that was needed in the early versions of the module.

The internal work is done in two steps:

• All functions of a class get the signature text when the module is imported. This is only a very small overhead added to the startup time. It is a single string for each whole class.

• The actual signature object is created later, when the attribute is really requested. Signatures are cached and only created on first access.

Example:

The PyCFunction QtWidgets.QApplication.palette is interrogated for its signature. That means pyside_sm_get___signature__() is called. It calls GetSignature_Function which returns the signature if it is found.

Why this Code is Fast

It costs a little time (maybe 6 seconds) to run through every single signature object, since these are more than 25000 Python objects. But all the signature objects will be rarely accessed but in special applications. The normal case are only a few accesses, and these are working pretty fast.

The key to make this signature module fast is to avoid computation as much as possible. When no signature objects are used, then almost no time is lost in initialization. Only the above mentioned strings and some support modules are additionally loaded on import PySide6. When it comes to signature usage, then late initialization is used and cached. This technique is also known as full laziness in haskell.

There are actually two locations where late initialization occurs:

• dict can be no dict but a tuple. That is the initial argument tuple that was saved by PySide_BuildSignatureArgs at module load time. If so, then pyside_type_init in parser.py will be called, which parses the string and creates the dict.

• props can be empty. Then create_signature in loader.py is called, which uses a dummy function to produce a signature instance with the inspect module.

The initialization that is always done is just two dictionary writes per class, and we have about 1000 classes. To measure the additional overhead, we have simulated what happens when from PySide6 import * is performed. It turned out that the overhead is below 0.5 ms.

The Signature Package Structure

The C++ code involved with the signature module is completely in the file shiboken6/libshiboken/signature.cpp . All other functionality is implemented in the signature Python package. It has the following structure:

sources/shiboken6/shibokenmodule/files.dir/shibokensupport
├── __init__.py
├── feature.py
├── fix-complaints.py
├── shibokensupport.pyproject
└── signature
    ├── PSF-3.7.0.txt
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── errorhandler.py
    ├── importhandler.py
    ├── layout.py
    ├── lib
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   ├── enum_sig.py
    │   ├── pyi_generator.py
    │   └── tool.py
    ├── loader.py
    ├── mapping.py
    ├── parser.py
    └── qt_attribution.json

Really important are the parser, mapping, errorhandler, enum_sig, layout and loader modules. The rest is needed to create Python 2 compatibility or be compatible with embedding and installers.

loader.py

This module assembles and imports the inspect module, and then exports the create_signature function. This function takes a fake function and some attributes and builds a __signature__ object with the inspect module.

parser.py

This module takes a class signatures string from C++ and parses it into the needed properties for the create_signature function. Its entry point is the pyside_type_init function, which is called from the C module via loader.py.

mapping.py

The purpose of the mapping module is maintaining a list of replacement strings that map from the signature text in C to the property strings that Python needs. A lot of mappings are resolved by rather complex expressions in parser.py, but a few hundred cases are better to spell explicitly, here.

errorhandler.py

Since Qt For Python 5.12, we no longer use the builtin type error messages from C++. Instead, we get much better results with the signature module. At the same time, this enforced supporting shiboken as well, and the signature module was no longer optional.

enum_sig.py

The diverse applications of the signature module all needed to iterate over modules, classes and functions. In order to centralize this enumeration, the process has been factored out as a context manager. The user has only to supply functions that do the actual formatting.

See for example the .pyi generator pyside6/PySide6/support/generate_pyi.py.

layout.py

As more applications used the signature module, different formatting of signatures was needed. To support that, we created the function create_signature, which has a parameter to choose from some predefined layouts.

typing27.py

Python 2 has no typing module at all. This is a backport of the minimum that is needed.

backport_inspect.py

Python 2 has an inspect module, but lacks the signature functions, completely. This module adds the missing functionality, which is merged at runtime into the inspect module.

Multiple Arities

One aspect that was ignored so far was multiple arities: How to handle it when a function has more than one signature?

I did not find any note on how multiple signatures should be treated in Python, but this simple rules seem to work well:

• If there is a list, then it is a multi-signature.

• Otherwise, it is a simple signature.

Impacts of The Signature Module

The signature module has a number of impacts to other PySide modules, which were created as a consequence of its existence, and there will be a few more in the future:

existence_test.py

The file pyside6/tests/registry/existence_test.py was written using the signatures from the signatures module. The idea is that there are some 15000 functions with a certain signature.

These functions should not get lost by some bad check-in. Therefore, a list of all existing signatures is kept as a module that assembles a dictionary. The function existence is checked, and also the exact arity.

This module exists for every PySide release and every platform. The initial module is generated once and saved as exists_{plat}_{version}.py.

An error is normally only reported as a warning, but:

Interaction With The Coin Module

When this test program is run in COIN, then the warnings are turned into errors. The reason is that only in COIN, we have a stable configuration of PySide modules that can reliably be compared.

These modules have the name exists_{platf}_{version}_ci.py, and as a big exception for generated code, these files are intentionally checked in.

What Happens When a List is Missing?

When a new version of PySide gets created, then the existence test files initially do not exist.

When a COIN test is run, then it will complain about the error and create the missing module on standard output. But since COIN tests are run multiple times, the output that was generated by the first test will still exist at the subsequent runs. (If COIN was properly implemented, we could not take that advantage and would need to implement that as an extra exception.)

As a result, a missing module will be reported as a test which partially succeeded (called “FLAKY”). To avoid further flaky tests and to activate as a real test, we can now capture the error output of COIN and check the generated module in.

Explicitly Enforcing Recreation

The former way to regenerate the registry files was to remove the files and check that in. This has the desired effect, but creates huge deltas. As a more efficient way, we have prepared a comment in the first line that contains the word “recreate”. By uncommenting this line, a NameError is triggered, which has the same effect.

init_platform.py

For generating the exists_{platf}_{version} modules, the module pyside6/tests/registry/init_platform.py was written. It can be used standalone from the commandline, to check the compatibility of some changes, directly.

scrape_testresults.py

To simplify and automate the process of extracting the exists_{platf}_{version}_ci.py files, the script pyside6/tests/registry/scrape_testresults.py has been written.

This script scans the whole testresults website for PySide, that is:

https://testresults.qt.io/coin/api/results/pyside/pyside-setup/

On the first scan, the script runs less than 30 minutes. After that, a cache is generated and the scan works much faster. The test results are placed into the folder pyside6/tests/registry/testresults/embedded/ with a unique name that allows for easy sorting. Example:

testresults/embedded/2018_09_10_10_40_34-test_1536891759-exists_linux_5_11_2_ci.py

These files are created only once. If they already exist, they are not touched, again. The file pyside6/tests/registry/known_urls.json` holds all scanned URLs after a successful scan. The testresults/embedded folder can be kept for reference or can be removed. Important is only the json file.

The result of a scan is then directly placed into the pyside6/tests/registry/ folder. It should be reviewed and then eventually checked in.

generate_pyi.py

pyside6/PySide6/support/generate_pyi.py is still under development. This module generates so-called hinting stubs for integration of PySide with diverse Python IDEs.

Although this module creates the stubs as an add-on, the impact on the quality of the signature module is considerable:

The module must create syntactically correct .pyi files which contain not only signatures but also constants and enums of all PySide modules. This serves as an extra challenge that has a very positive effect on the completeness and correctness of signatures.

The module has a --feature option to generate modified .pyi files. A shortcut for this command is pyside6-genpyi.

A useful command to change all .pyi files to use all features is

pyside6-genpyi all --feature snake_case true_property

pyi_generator.py

shiboken6/shibokenmodule/files.dir/shibokensupport/signature/lib/pyi_generator.py has been extracted from generate_pyi.py. It allows the generation of .pyi files from arbitrary extension modules created with shiboken.

A shortcut for this command is shiboken6-genpyi.

Current Extensions

Before the signature module was written, there already existed the concept of signatures, but in a more C++ - centric way. From that time, there existed the error messages, which are created when a function gets wrong argument types.

These error messages were replaced by text generated on demand by the signature module, in order to be more consistent and correct. This was implemented in Qt For Python 5.12.0.

Additionally, the __doc__ attribute of PySide methods was not set. It was easy to get a nice help() feature by creating signatures as default content for docstrings. This was implemented in Qt For Python 5.12.1.

Literature

• PEP 362 – Function Signature Object

• PEP 484 – Type Hints

• PEP 3107 – Function Annotations

Personal Remark: This module is dedicated to our lovebird “Püppi”, who died on 2017-09-15.